Edulcorantes: o que a ciência sabe (e não sabe!) sobre eles – Aliança Pela Alimentação Adequada e Saudável
03/01/2023 – Blog Notícias
Ciclamato, aspartame, estévia, sucralose: essas substâncias são tecnicamente chamadas de “edulcorantes”, uma classe de aditivos químicos que conferem sabor doce em alimentos e bebidas ultraprocessadas, e podem ser utilizadas em substituição aos açúcares. Esse texto vai te contar o que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) publicou recentemente sobre esses aditivos: apesar das indústrias de ultraprocessados usarem cada vez mais edulcorantes nos seus produtos, ainda não se sabe o impacto deles na nossa saúde.
Antes de mais nada, é importante lembrar que o Guia Alimentar para População Brasileira recomenda evitar refrigerantes – convencionais, diet ou zero – e todas as demais bebidas ultraprocessadas, que têm excesso de sódio e outros aditivos químicos. Bebidas à base de frutas, como néctares e refrescos, chás, mates e achocolatados daqueles prontos para beber também são “bebidas ultraprocessadas”. Outra coisa que você merece saber: as indústrias de ultraprocessados têm utilizado, cada vez mais, edulcorantes em seus produtos, como, por exemplo, em biscoitos, gelatinas e balas. Uma pesquisa recente do Nupens/USP, mostrou que quase 15% dos alimentos ultraprocessados possuíam edulcorantes em sua composição – é muita coisa! No caso das bebidas ultraprocessadas, esse percentual é ainda maior: 38% delas tinham edulcorantes.
Efeitos do uso de adoçantes não calóricos na saúde
Em 2022, a OMS publicou um estudo paradigmático chamado “Health effects of the use of non-sugar sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, ou “Efeitos do uso de adoçantes não calóricos na saúde: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise”. Para não confundir muito, aqui chamaremos os adoçantes não calóricos de edulcorantes. Infelizmente essa publicação ainda não tem tradução para o português, mas você pode conhecê-la no link. Para não fazer suspense, antes de contar alguns detalhes, nós vamos dar o spoiler e contar a conclusão: as pesquisas científicas com resultados conclusivos e que comparam o consumo de produtos com edulcorantes aos com açúcar, mostram que os produtos com edulcorantes auxiliam na redução da ingestão calórica a curto prazo. Isso parece positivo, mas tem um porém. É que, a longo prazo, outras pesquisas mostram que há aumento de risco de obesidade, diabetes tipo 2, doenças cardiovasculares e mortalidade, e pesquisas com mulheres grávidas mostram efeitos desfavoráveis nos bebês – como peso ao nascer e também adiposidade ao longo da vida.
Como foi possível chegar a essa conclusão? O estudo da OMS fez um grande mapeamento de todas as pesquisas científicas publicadas sobre impactos à saúde com consumo de edulcorantes, em todo o mundo, e selecionou 280 estudos, que atendiam a critérios de qualidade e metodologia, e que foram conduzidos com adultos, crianças, mulheres grávidas ou populações mistas, usando diferentes metodologias científicas. Em seguida, os estudos foram agrupados por adultos, crianças e mulheres grávidas, e pelos desfechos em saúde – que foram desde adiposidade, diabetes tipo 2, doenças cardiovasculares, alergias e câncer – até impactos na cognição, humor, comportamento alimentar e paladar.
Edulcorantes não são inócuos – e mais pesquisas são necessárias
Outra importante conclusão da revisão sistemática da OMS e que serve de recomendação para cientistas e governos do mundo todo: é preciso fazer mais estudos, de qualidade, que investiguem a fundo o impacto dos edulcorantes na nossa saúde, sobretudo para crianças e mulheres grávidas. É possível que os dados encontrados até agora sejam apenas a ponta de um iceberg. O que se sabe é que os edulcorantes não são inócuos – ou seja, não são “substâncias neutras”, que estão ali substituindo o açúcar sem impactar nosso corpo. Outra questão é que, apesar de liberados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) no Brasil, os edulcorantes têm sido consumidos de tal forma que não sabemos se sua combinação em grandes quantidades pode produzir efeitos adversos. E é inevitável pensar no exemplo do cigarro. Levaram décadas até que as pesquisas científicas conseguissem demonstrar o impacto dos cigarros na saúde humana – e enquanto isso, a indústria de cigarros faturava milhões de dólares, governos e poder público não tomavam atitudes com relação ao comércio e publicidade, e milhões de pessoas adoeciam e morriam sem saber a causa do seu sofrimento. Quanto será preciso esperar até que se regule adequadamente as indústrias de bebidas adoçadas?
Fonte: ACT Promoção da Saúde
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